2009
CP172
Howard's Long March: The Strategic Depiction of China in Howard Government Policy, 1996–2006
by Roy Campbell McDowall (ISBN 9781921536441 (Print version); ISBN 9781921536458) (Online)) (download for free or order a copy). Published by ANU E Press in March 2009 and available for free download in pdf or html formats and to a mobile device such as a PDA.
To view chapters of the entire book, or to order a copy, go to http://epress.anu.edu.au/howard_march_citation.html
Copies can be purchased for A$19.95 (GST inclusive)
Abstract
Australia's strategic depiction of China has assumed increased importance as it attempts to harmonise economic interests (focusing on China) with security interests (primarily the United States). In this period of strategic transition, how Australia incorporates the rise of China into its existing security commitment under ANZUS has become a delicate issue. This investigation follows the intriguing evolution of the Howard Government's depictions of China, and reveals a complex and calculated strategy that successfully transformed a potentially volatile conflict of interests into a functional foreign policy.
2008
CP171
Struggling for Self Reliance: Four case studies of Australian Regional Force Projection in the late 1980s and 1990s by Bob Breen (ISBN 9781921536083 (Print version); ISBN 9781921536090) (Online)) (download for free or order a copy). Published by ANU E Press in October 2008 and available for free download in pdf or html formats and to a mobile device such as a PDA.
To view chapters of the entire book, or to order a copy, go to http://epress.anu.edu.au/sfsr_citation.html
Copies can be purchased for A$24.95 (GST inclusive)
Abstract
Military force projection is the self-reliant capacity to strike from mainland ports, bases and airfields to protect Australia's sovereignty as well as more distant national interests. Force projection is not just a flex of military muscle in times of emergency or the act of dispatching forces. It is a cycle of force preparation, command, deployment, protection, employment, sustainment, rotation, redeployment and reconstitution. If the Australian Defence Force consistently gets this cycle wrong, then there is something wrong with Australia's defence.
This monograph is a force projection audit of four Australian regional force projections in the late 1980s and the 1990s—valid measures of competence. It concludes that Australia is running out of luck and time. The Rudd Government has commissioned a new Defence White Paper. This monograph is Exhibit A for change.
CP170
Remembering Hedley edited by Coral Bell and Meredith Thatcher (ISBN 9781921536069 (Print version); ISBN 9781921536076) (Online)) (download for free or order a copy) Published by ANU E Press in August 2008 and available for free download in pdf or html formats and to a mobile device such as a PDA.
To view chapters of the entire book, or to order a copy, go to http://epress.anu.edu.au/hedley_citation.html
Copies can be purchased for A$19.95 (GST inclusive)
Abstract
Remembering Hedley commemorates the life of Hedley Bull (1932-85), a pivotal figure in the fields of international relations and strategic studies. Its publication coincides with the official opening on 6 August 2008 of the Hedley Bull Centre at The Australian National University in Canberra.
CP169
Defence Policy-Making: A Close-up View, 1950-1980: A Personal Memoir by Sir Arthur Tange edited by Dr Peter Edwards (ISBN 9781921313851 (Print version); ISBN 9781921313868) (Online)) (download for free or order a copy) Published by ANU E Press on 1 July 2008 and available for free download in pdf or html formats and to a mobile device such as a PDA.
To view chapters of the entire book, or to order a copy, go to http://epress.anu.edu.au/dpm_citation.html
Copies can be purchased for A$19.95 (GST inclusive)
Abstract
Sir Arthur Tange was perhaps the most powerful Secretary of the Australian Defence Department and one of the most powerful of the great ‘mandarins’ who dominated the Commonwealth Public Service between the 1940s and the 1970s. Tange exerted that influence by virtue of his intellectual capacity, his administrative ability and the sheer force of his personality. The last draft of his memoir was finished about six months before his death on 10 May 2001 at the age of 86. The book is filled with accounts of major policy initiatives and of Tange’s views about the individuals who framed them.
Controversies from his time in Defence echo to this day, and it is still easy to identify both staunch admirers and vitriolic critics of Tange in defence and public service circles. Spanning some thirty decades, in which there were a number of pivotal developments in Australia’s defence and political history, this memoir includes wry descriptions of Tange’s relationships with the various prime ministers and ministers he served during his long tenure in the public service.
CP168
Australia and Cyber-warfare Gary Waters, Desmond Ball and Ian Dudgeon (ISBN 9781921313790 (Print version); ISBN 9781921313806) (Online)) (download for free or order a copy) Published by ANU E Press and available for free download in pdf or html formats and to a mobile device such as a PDA.
To view chapters of the entire book, or to order a copy, go to http://epress.anu.edu.au/cyber_warfare_citation.html
Copies can be purchased for A$19.95 (GST inclusive)
Abstract
This book explores Australia’s prospective cyber-warfare requirements and challenges. It describes the current state of planning and thinking within the Australian Defence Force with respect to Network Centric Warfare, and discusses the vulnerabilities that accompany the use by Defence of the National Information Infrastructure (NII), as well as Defence’s responsibility for the protection of the NII. It notes the multitude of agencies concerned in various ways with information security, and argues that mechanisms are required to enhance coordination between them. It also argues that Australia has been laggard with respect to the development of offensive cyber-warfare plans and capabilities. Finally, it proposes the establishment of an Australian Cyber-warfare Centre responsible for the planning and conduct of both the defensive and offensive dimensions of cyber-warfare, for developing doctrine and operational concepts, and for identifying new capability requirements. It argues that the matter is urgent in order to ensure that Australia will have the necessary capabilities for conducting technically and strategically sophisticated cyber-warfare activities by the 2020s.
The Foreword has been contributed by Professor Kim C. Beazley, former Minister for Defence (1984–90), who describes it as ‘a timely book which transcends old debates on priorities for the defence of Australia or forward commitments, [and] debates about globalism and regionalism’, and as ‘an invaluable compendium’ to the current process of refining the strategic guidance for Australia’s future defence policies and capabilities.
2007
CP167
History as Policy: Framing the debate on the future of Australia's defence policy edited by Ron Huisken and Meredith Thatcher (ISBN 9781921313554 (Print
version); ISBN 9781921313561 (Online))
(download for free or order a copy)
Published by ANU E Press in December 2007 and available for free download in
pdf or html formats and to a mobile device such as a PDA.
To view chapters or the entire book, or to order a copy, go to
http://epress.anu.edu.au/hap_citation.html
Copies can be purchased for A$24.95 (GST inclusive)
Abstract
The fortieth anniversary of the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre's
founding provided the opportunity to assemble a number of Australia's
leading analysts and commentators to review some of the more significant
issues that should define Australian defence policy. The unravelling of the
consensus on the 'defence of Australia' policy means that we must again
undertake a balanced, long-term assessment of the nature of Australia's
strategic interests. Then we can determine the kinds of armed forces that
would contribute most effectively to protecting those interests. All the
papers collected in this volume address themes that should figure
prominently in this difficult but essential task.
CP160
Forewarned Forearmed: Australian Specialist Intelligence Support in South Vietnam, 1966 - 1971 by Blair Tidey (ISBN 0 7315 5467 1; December 2007, xvi+ 84 pp).
Free PDF download; print-on-demand copy: $22.00 + GST
Abstract
Since the end of the Vietnam War, historical research and writing on the Australian military involvement has only briefly dealt with intelligence aspects. Even less attention has been given to specialist intelligence collection, such as signals intelligence, imagery intelligence and human intelligence. This paper examines the modus operandi and effectiveness of specialist intelligence support to the 1st Australian Task Force in South Vietnam during the period from May 1966 to December 1971. It focuses on the activities of the little-known Detachment 1st Divisional Intelligence Unit and 547 Signal Troop. The paper examines how these units were organised and equipped, how they conducted their operations, and how effective they were in upporting combat units.
2006
CP166
The War Against Defence Restructuring: A case study on changes leading to the current structure of New Zealand Defence by Derek Quigley (ISBN 9780 7315 5477 5; or ISBN 0 7315 5477 9; October 2006, xiv+ 132 pp; $24.00 + GST)
(Note: CP 166 is co-published with the Centre for Strategic Studies (CSS) at Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand.)
CP165
Essays Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre (SDSC) edited by Meredith Thatcher and Desmond Ball (ISBN 9780 7315 5476 8; or ISBN 0 7315 5476 0; August 2006, xviii+ 152 pp (includes frontispiece, plates and appendix); $40.00 + GST)
CP164
Track 2 Diplomacy in Asia: Australian and New Zealand Engagement by Brendan Taylor, Anthony Milner and Desmond Ball
(ISBN 0 7315 5473 6; or ISBN 978 0 7315 5473 7, May 2006, xvi+ 86 pp, $24.00 + GST)
CP163
Ethics of War in a Time of Terror edited by Christian Enemark
(ISBN 978-0-7315-5472-0; or ISBN 0-7315-5472-8, March 2006, xii+ 120 pp, $24.00 + GST)
CP161
Essays on Australian Defence by Paul Dibb
(ISBN 0 7315 5468 X, March 2006, xiv+ 100 pp, $23.00 + GST)
2005
CP162
New Depths In Australia-US Relations: The Collins Class Submarine Project by Maryanne Kelton
(ISBN 0 7315 5471 X, December 2005, xiv+ 86 pp, $22.00 + GST)
CP159
Transforming the Australian Defence Force (ADF) for Information Superiority by Gary Waters and Desmond Ball
(ISBN 0 7315 5463 9, January 2005, xv + 106 pp, $26.00)
CP157
A Basis for Victory: The Allied Geographical Section 1942-1946 by Reuben R E Bowd
(ISBN 0 7315 5455 8, March 2005, xxiv + 168 pp. (includes frontispiece, maps, plates, appendices, bibliography, and index), $35.00)
2004
CP158
An Afghan 'Narco-State'?: Dynamics, Assessment and Security Implications of the Afghan Opium Industry by Matt Weiner
(ISBN 0 7315 5460 4, August 2004, xiv + 78 pp. $A17.00)
CP156
Disease Security in Northeast Asia: Biological Weapons and Natural Plagues by Christian Enemark
(ISBN 0 7315 5453 1, April 2004, xii + 138 pp. $A23.00)
CP155
Transcending the Cultural Gaps in 21st Century Strategic Analysis and Planning: the Real Revolution in Military Affairs by Edwin Lowe
(ISBN 0 7315 5440 X, October 2003, 102 pp. $A17.50)
CP154
Burma's North Korean Gambit: A Challenge to Regional Security? by Andrew Selth
(ISBN 0 7315 5441 8, March 2004, xiv + 58 pp. $A17.50)
2003
CP153
Arming the Singapore Armed Forces: Trends and Implications by Bilveer Singh
(ISBN 0 7315 5440 X, October 2003, 102 pp. $A17.50)
CP152
ASEAN, Australia and the Management of the Jemaah Islamiyah Threat by Bilveer Singh
(ISBN 0 7315 5439 6, October 2003, 138 pp. $A23.00)
CP151
Ballistic Missile Defence for Australia: Policies, Requirements and Options by Stephan Frühling
(ISBN 0 7315 5438 8, September 2003, 142 pp. $A22.50)
CP150
Burma's Muslims: Terrorists or Terrorised? by Andrew Selth
(ISBN 0 7315 5437 X, 61 pp) $A18.00
CP149
The Complexities of Dealing with Radical Islam in Southeast Asia: A Case Study of Jemaah Islamiyah by Brek Batley.
(ISBN 0 7315 5434 5) $A23.00
CP148
The Road to War on Iraq by Ron Huisken.
(ISBN 0 7315 5432 9, 116pp) $A20.00
CP147
Countering Terror: New Directions Post '911' edited by Clive Williams and Brendan Taylor.
(ISBN 0 7315 5429 9, 95 pp) $A20.00
2002
CP146
Small Arms Production and Transfers in Southeast Asia by David Capie.
(ISBN 0 7315 54213, 162 pp) $A22.50
CP145
Masters of Terror: Indonesia's Military and Violence in East Timor in 1999 by Hamish McDonald, Desmond Ball, James Dunn, Gerry van Klinken, David Bourchier, Douglas Kammen, Richard Tanter.
(ISBN 0 7315 5419 1, 325pp) $A30.00
CP144
The Human Face of Security: Asia-Pacific Perspectives edited by David Dickens
(ISBN 0 7315 5420 5, 122pp) $A25.00
CP143
The Real C-Cubed Culture, Careers and Climate and how they affect capability by Nick Jans with David Schmidtchen
(ISBN 0 7315 5415 9, 185pp) $A26.00
CP142
Giving Peace a Chance: Operation Lagoon, Bougainville, 1994: A Case of Military Action and Diplomacy by Bob Breen
(ISBN 0 7315 5414 0, 122pp) $A22.50
2001
CP141
Civil-military Relations in Democratising Indonesia: The Potentials and Limits to Change by Bilveer Singh
(ISBN 0 9315 5408 X, 192+xiii pp) $A26.00
CP140
Wars of Conscience. Human rights, national security and Australia's defence policy by John Hutcheson
(ISBN 0 7315 5405 1, 173+xi pp) $A26.00
CP139
The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP): Its Record and Its Prospects by Desmond Ball
(ISBN 0 7315 2780 1, 120+xii pp) $A18.50
CP138
ASEAN, the Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone and the Challenge of Denuclearisation in Southeast Asia: Problems and Prospects by Bilveer Singh
(ISBN 0 7315 5401 9, 86+xii pp) $A18.50
CP137
Where Are They When You Need Them? Support Arrangements for Deployed Air Power by Peter McLennan
(ISBN 0 7315 5400 0262+ xvi pp) $A26.00
2000
CP136
Burma’s Secret Military Partners by Andrew Selth
(ISBN 0 7315 2775 5, 86+xiv pp) $A18.50
CP135
Armed Rebellion in the ASEAN States: Persistence and Implications by Andrew Tan
(ISBN 0 7315 2300 8, 160+xii pp) $A23.00
CP134
An Independent Command: Command and Control of the 1st Australian Task Force in Vietnam by R.W. Cable
(ISBN 0 7315 1378 9, 108+xiv pp) $A17.50
1999
CP133
Maintaining the Strategic Edge: The Defence of Australia in
2015 edited by Desmond Ball
(ISBN 0 7315 2766 6, 445+xxvii pp) $A30.00
CP132
Maritime Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region: current
situation and prospects Edited by Sam Bateman
(ISBN 0 7315 2759 3, 193+xxii pp) $A23.00
CP131
The Next Stage: Preventive Diplomacy and Security Cooperation
in the Asia-Pacific Region edited by Desmond Ball and Amitav
Acharya
(ISBN 0 7315 2755 0, 335+xx pp) $A25.00
1998
CP130
Bougainville 1988-98: Five searches for security in the North
Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea by Karl Claxton
(ISBN 0 7315 2750 X, 199+xx pp) $A23.00
CP129
Shipping and Regional Security edited by Sam Bateman and
Stephen Bates
(ISBN 0 7315 2747 X, 159+xxiv pp) $A20.00
CP128
The Shape of Things to Come: The US-Japan Security Relationship
in the New Era by Maree Reid
(ISBN 0 7315 2746 1, 97+x pp) $A17.50
CP127
South Africa and Security Building in the Indian Ocean Rim
by Greg Mills
(ISBN 0 7315 2745 3, 139+xiv pp) $A20.00
CP126
Educating an Army: Australian Army Doctrinal Development and
the Operational Experience in South Vietnam, 1965-72 by R. N.
Bushby
(ISBN 0 7315 2744 5, 111+xiv pp) $A17.50
CP125
The Environment and Security: What are the Linkages?
edited by Alan Dupont
(ISBN 0 7315 2738 0, 99+xii pp) $A17.00
CP124
Regional Maritime Management and Security edited by Sam
Bateman and Stephen Bates
(ISBN 0 7315 2730 5, 209+xxii pp) $A24.00
Canberra paper abstracts
2006
CP166 The War Against Defence Restructuring: A case study on changes leading to the current structure of New Zealand Defence edited by Derek Quigley
(ISBN 9780 7315 5477 5; or ISBN 0 7315 5477 9; October 2006, xiv+ 132 pp; $24.00 + GST)
(Note: Canberra Paper 166 is co-published with the Centre for Strategic Studies (CSS) at Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand.)
The changes that have impacted on New Zealand Defence over the past 20 years reflect five critical assumptions: first, that a country's defence policy and defence force ought to be appropriate to its place in the world; secondly, that in an environment where resources available to defence are limited, if its efficiency and effectiveness are to be optimised, a direct link between defence policy, priorities and funding is required; thirdly, that although the operational performance of a defence system does not lend itself easily to measurement by standard accounting or general commercial yardsticks, it is important to be able to relate expenditure decisions to results in some way; fourthly, that savings (or more capabilities per dollar) can be achieved from adopting a more business-like approach to defence management; and finally—based on New Zealand's experience—that efficiency and effectiveness can be achieved by marrying state sector reform principles and defence needs.
This paper discusses a variety of events that impacted on New Zealand defence during the period from the election of the Lange Labour Government in 1984 to the election of the Clark Coalition Government in late 1999 and ends with a brief section on the positive and negative aspects of those changes in terms of defence structure, systems, processes, accountabilities, roles and relationships.
CP165 Essays Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre edited by Meredith Thatcher and Desmond Ball
(ISBN 9780 7315 5476 8; or ISBN 0 7315 5476 0; August 2006, xviii+ 152 pp (includes frontispiece, plates and appendix); $40.00 + GST)
This volume has been produced to commemorate the SDSC's 40th anniversary. It contains contributions by the Centre's five successive Heads: Dr T.B. Millar (1966-71), Dr Robert O'Neill (1971-82), Professor Desmond Ball (1984-91), Professor Paul Dibb (1991-2003) and Professor Hugh White (since 2004). It also includes contributions by Dr Coral Bell, who was present at the creation of the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London in the 1950s, came to the Department of International Relations at the Australian National University in 1977, and has been a Visiting Fellow in SDSC since 1990; and by Professor J.D.B. Miller, Head of the Department of International Relations from 1962 to 1987, who together with Sir John Crawford, then the Director of the Research School of Pacific Studies, conceived the idea of the Centre in early 1966.
In chapter 1, Coral Bell describes the formative years of IISS in London, explores the notion of strategic culture in Australia, and places the development of SDSC in both these international and domestic contexts. The next several chapters are essentially personal reflections. Chapter 2 by Tom Millar and chapter 3 by Bruce Miller describe the foundation of the Centre; chapter 4 by Bob O'Neill and chapter 5 by Des Ball describe its growth to international repute during the 1970s and 1980s; and chapter 6 by Paul Dibb discusses its reorientation after the end of the Cold War. These chapters are replete with stories of university politics, internal SDSC activities, cooperation among people of very different social and political values, and conflicts between others, as well as the Centre's public achievements. Finally, in chapter 7, Hugh White discusses the place of academic strategic and defence studies, and more particularly the Centre, in Australia's current circumstances, and projects the future directions for SDSC.
CP164 Track 2 Diplomacy in Asia: Australian and New Zealand Engagement by Brendan Taylor, Anthony Milner and Desmond Ball
(ISBN 0 7315 5473 6; or ISBN 978 0 7315 5473 7, May 2006, xvi+ 86 pp, $24.00 + GST)
Engagement is a multi-layered, multi-dimensional process, that extends beyond those official relations which occur at the government-to-government (or Track 1) level, to encompass a wide spectrum of people-to-people contacts and personal linkages. Many of these interactions and activities occur at the so-called 'Track 2' level-a term that is used to describe unofficial activities involving academics, think tank researchers, journalists, and former officials, as well as current officials participating in their private capacities. This paper documents and evaluates Australia's and New Zealand's existing Track 2 engagement with Asia: it identifies those Track 2 institutions and networks with an Asian focus that exist in the Asian region with which Australia and New Zealand either are or could be engaging; and it assesses the relative importance of these institutions and networks in order to ensure that Australia and New Zealand are in fact engaging with the most productive ones. Against that backdrop, the paper concludes with a series of suggestions as to how Australia and New Zealand might best go about sustaining and potentially strengthening their existing Track 2 engagement with the Asian region.
CP163 Ethics of War in a Time of Terror edited by Christian Enemark
(ISBN 978-0-7315-5472-0; or ISBN 0-7315-5472-8, March 2006, xii+ 120 pp, $24.00 + GST)
This book is a collection of papers originally presented at a workshop entitled 'After Nine Eleven: Ethics in the Time of Terror' hosted by Monash University on 24 June 2005. The workshop participants included members of the Ethics of War and Peace (EWAP) working group which was inaugurated at the first Oceanic Conference on International Studies in July 2004. EWAP provides a cross-disciplinary forum for scholars and non-academic professionals to exchange and debate ideas on topics including the ethics of armed intervention, the Just War, pacifist ethics, international humanitarian law, ethics in the military profession, and the relationship between law, ethics and politics.
The chapters within this book examine themes including 'lesser evils' and 'dirty hands' in the fight against terrorism, the ethics of intelligence gathering, humanitarian intervention, terrorism and the North-South divide, cultural equality as a response to terrorism, human rights and counterterrorism legislation, and the ethics of defending against 'bioterrorism'. Contributors include Alex Bellamy and Richard Devetak (University of Queensland), Baogang He (Deakin University), Christopher Michaelsen (Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe), Jeremy Moses (University of Canterbury), Christian Enemark and Hugh Smith (University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy).
CP161 Essays on Australian Defence by Paul Dibb
(ISBN 0 7315 5468 X, March 2006, xiv+ 100 pp, $23.00 + GST)
[Note: This Canberra Paper was book launched on 10 July 2006 by the recently-appointed Chancellor of the Australian National University, Dr Allan Hawke. Click here for a copy of Dr Hawke's speech.]
The purpose of publishing this collection of essays is to gather together in one place my views on the Australian defence debate over the last four years. Since the terrorist attacks on the United States in September 2001, there has been an intense debate in Australia about the priorities, structure and funding of Australia's defence policy. Two schools of thought have emerged: one of them argues that the so-called defence of Australia doctrine is outdated and should no longer be the primary driver of the Australian Defence Force (ADF)'s force structure and, instead, priority should be given to developing an expeditionary force for distant coalition operations. The other school of thought argues that the defence of Australia and its vital regional interests should remain the primary drivers of Australia's force structure and that this will provide sufficient options for contributions to operations further afield-including with Australia's ally, the United States. The essays published here argue in support of the latter proposition.
2005
CP162 New Depths In Australia-US Relations: The Collins Class Submarine Project by Maryanne Kelton
(ISBN 0 7315 5471 X, December 2005, xiv+ 86 pp, $22.00 + GST)
Controversy has swamped the Collins class submarine project since the tender process was concluded in the late 1980s. Why was this? In order to answer this question through the course of this paper, I begin by describing some of the intimate project details and then analyse how the project was captive of a change in broad foreign and defence policy orientation between the two governments who assumed responsibility for the submarines' construction and delivery. Whilst the project was initiated during an era where the ALP promoted a more independent policy posture, after its election in 1996 the Coalition prioritised its bilateral relationship with the United States. The policy divergence between these two postures manifested themselves in the tangible tensions surrounding the delivery of the Collins submarines. Concurrently I also suggest how the project's realisation has been detrimentally affected by its manipulation in Australian domestic politics.
CP159 Transforming the Australian Defence Force (ADF) for Information Superiority by Gary Waters and Desmond Ball
(ISBN 0 7315 5463 9, January 2005, xv + 106 pp, $26.00)
The Australian Defence Force (ADF) is in the process of being transformed to enable it to gain information superiority in future contingencies. It is aiming to obtain common battlefield awareness and superior command decision-making, using a comprehensive 'information network' linking sensors (for detection), command and control ( for flexible, optimised decision-making), and engagement systems (for precision application of force). This book is intended to inform discussion about the key issues involved in the development of a force posture and associated command and control systems, information support systems, operational concepts and doctrine for the achievement of information superiority. It discusses Australia's approach to Network-Centric Warfare (NCW); examines the command aspects of dispersed military operations utilising networked systems; outlines some of the principal strategic, organisational, operational, doctrinal and human resource challenges; and discusses the information architecture requirements for achieving information superiority. The book is also intended to contribute to the promotion of a vision that might excite and shape this transformation process.
CP157 A Basis for Victory: The Allied Geographical Section 1942-1946 by Reuben R E Bowd
(ISBN 0 7315 5455 8, March 2005, xxiv + 168 pp. (includes frontispiece, maps, plates, appendices, bibliography, and index), $35.00)
In the annals of popular military history, pride of place goes to the exploits of major combat units and formations, decisive battles and covert special operations forces. What is often overlooked in the recounting of events is the tireless contribution of a cast of thousands who are overshadowed, often unjustly, by the exploits of the combat elements that prosecute the war. Success in battle is more often than not attributed to factors such as good generalship, superior combat forces and the lethality of the weaponry brought to bear against an enemy. Seldom is much heard of the work of specialist planning staffs, members of smaller unique units, headquartered many miles, perhaps thousands of miles, rearward of the front line working painstakingly during the weeks and months leading up to that cataclysmic event when combat forces take to the field. It is the accuracy of their work that inevitably distinguishes victory from defeat.
This book examines a unique, yet largely forgotten, cornerstone intelligence organisation that played an important role in ensuring allied victory in the war against Japan during the Second World War. This inter-service and inter-allied unit, the Allied Geographical Section (AGS), was established by General Douglas MacArthur's Intelligence Chief, Colonel (later Major General) Charles Willoughby, to address the paucity of even the most basic geographic, anthropologic and hydrographic intelligence available in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) of operations. Its task was so immense and its importance so great that not to record its achievements would be a travesty.
2003-2004
CP158 DAn Afghan 'Narco-State'?: Dynamics, Assessment and Security Implications of the Afghan Opium Industry by Matt Weiner
(ISBN 0 7315 5460 4, August 2004, xiv + 78 pp. $A17.00)
Discourse surrounding states with a high production or perceived tolerance of narcotics has often utilised the term 'narco-state'. However, there is little discussion of the exact meaning of the term and which states, thus, accurately merit such a label. Afghanistan is a state that has been described as a 'narco-state' by media, the international community, and even its own government. This paper explores the term 'narco-state' and develops a working definition and model of the term for future academic research. By assessing the control and regulation by drug networks of a state's three key pillars — Coercive Instruments of the State, Financial Apparatus and Government Executive and Policy — the degree to which a state approaches the ideal-type 'complete narco-state' can be measured. This paper applies this model to contemporary Afghanistan and concludes that it merits the label of a 'narco-state' only to a medium degree, but the embryonic nature of the post-conflict state apparatus places it at risk of higher control in the future. The narcotics trade also has created regional security implications that are subsequently analysed across human, economic and political security spheres. These security concerns have the potential to be significantly exacerbated if Afghanistan moves to a higher degree of 'narco-state'.
CP156 Disease Security in Northeast Asia: Biological Weapons and Natural Plagues by Christian Enemark
(ISBN 0 7315 5453 1, April 2004, 150 pp. $A23.00)
In Northeast Asia and around the world, new infectious diseases are emerging and old ones are re-emerging in deadlier guises. The increasing human cost of such diseases creates an imperative for scholars and policy makers to think beyond biological weapons (BW) when contemplating disease and security. Whether deliberately or naturally caused, infectious diseases threaten the national security of states, the personal security of individuals, and are potentially a transnational security threat to all individuals in all societies. At the conceptual level, and for the purpose of responding to these threats, it is useful to think in terms of 'disease security'. An infectious disease, whether of state, terrorist or natural origin, becomes a security threat when its effects reach the point of imposing an intolerable burden on a society. That burden can be measured in terms of the number of people infected and killed, and by the level of disruption and instability that accompanies the disease. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of examining disease in two dimensions, natural and deliberate, and of adopting dual use responses accordingly.
Northeast Asia was chosen as a case study because it is a centre of gravity for concerns about disease security. This is due to the region's military history, its high proportion of suspected BW states, fears of biological terrorism, and the region's special vulnerability to new and re-emerging infectious diseases. A number of measures have been and could be applied in Northeast Asia to enhance disease security. Against the threat of BW, military and intelligence responses include tactical response units, deterrence of BW use by threat of nuclear attack, the use of force to destroy BW assets, and the recently-devised Proliferation Security Initiative. There is also scope to address disease-based threats through the legal framework of the Biological Weapons Convention. The most promising approach to disease security is through enhanced public health capabilities. This is essentially a dual use response applicable to both BW and naturally occurring outbreaks of infectious disease. Its two main pillars are disease surveillance networks (domestic and international) and robust public health systems.
CP155 Transcending the Cultural Gaps in 21st Century Analysis and Planning: the Real Revolution in Military Affairs by Edwin Lowe
(ISBN 0 7315 5444 2), March 2004, xiv + 70 pp. $17.00
In the closing years of the 20th Century, two competing strategic paradigms emerged from the United States and the People's Republic of China. The 'Asymmetric Warfare' (US) and 'Unrestricted Warfare' (PRC) paradigms were both hailed as the new doctrine of warfare required to meet the challenges of the 21st Century.
Although the names of these two paradigms allude to a similar doctrine, they in fact differ at the most fundamental levels of cultural assumptions and cultural perspectives. The respective paradigms are deeply rooted in each culture's philosophic roots and the way each views strategic and state affairs. The American 'Asymmetric Warfare' paradigm is centred on the complete battlespace dominance by a potent US military, based on modern RMA technologies. It is a paradigm firmly based on the scientific and rationalist, Western 'way of war'. The Chinese 'Unrestricted Warfare' paradigm reflects the holistic and abstract Chinese view of statecraft. Its premise is that in the interdependent and globalised post Cold War world, the nature of warfare in the 21st Century has evolved beyond that of the traditional paradigms of military confrontation. Warfare has evolved to encompass all aspects of state affairs, including national economies, national infrastructure and public opinion; where the 'combatants' include statesmen, scientists, economists, consumers, voters and the media. International trends in the years around the turn of the century lend great gravity to this paradigm.
In the 21st Century, the real 'Revolution in Military Affairs' will be the ability to transcend one's own cultural paradigms and to view the adversary through his own cultural norms and assumptions.
CP154 Burma's North Korean Gambit: A Challenge to Regional Security? by Andrew Selth
(ISBN 0 7315 5441 8, March 2004, 72 pp. $A16.00)
Bilateral relations between Burma and North Korea were abruptly severed in 1983, after Pyongyang sent secret agents to Rangoon to conduct a terrorist attack against a visiting South Korean presidential delegation. Formal diplomatic ties have still not been restored. Over the past few years, however, these two economically stricken but highly militarised pariah states seem to have found some common ground. Depending on how it develops, this relationship could extend beyond mutual support to have much wider strategic implications. In particular, reports that the military government in Rangoon has sought to acquire strategic weapon systems from Pyongyang, such as submarines and ballistic missiles, have aroused concern in regional capitals and in centres like Washington. There have even been suggestions that North Korea is secretly helping Burma to build a nuclear reactor, raising the spectre of a future Burmese nuclear weapons program that could be used as a bargaining chip against the United States.
CP153 Arming the Singapore Armed Forces: Trends and Implications by Bilveer Singh.
(ISBN 0 7315 5440 X, October 2003, 102 pp. $A17.50)
Many have written on the issue of an arms race within the Association of Southeast Asia nations (ASEAN). The Asian financial crisis (AFC) in 1997 forced many ASEAN countries to halt plans of ambitious military build-up and arms modernisation. Instead, cuts in defence budgets were the norm, except for Singapore. Both Singapore and Malaysia rode out of the AFC relatively well and now that the financial storm is over, there are signs of a revitalisation in the arms build-up between them. The trend of introducing highly advanced and offensive weaponry into the region is more disturbing than uncomfortable, especially at a time when ties between ASEAN countries are volatile, and even hostile at times.
This paper does not attempt to deal with issue of "arms race" in the region, something already dealt with extensively. Instead, it aims to trace the trend of recent arms procurements of Singapore and discuss its implications. This paper also describes that, far from being merely a modernisation exercise, Singapore's arms procurement programmes are part of a concerted effort to enhance its defensive and offensive capacities, especially in the face of heightening tensions in the region. What are the implications for Singapore and Malaysia as both countries become more heavily armed with advanced weaponry? How will the "precarious balance" be managed? How will this interactive arms-relationship end? This paper aims to explore the essence of these questions and hopes to serve as an update to the existing literature on the Singapore military build-up.
Organisationally, the study is divided into a number of parts. First, it revisits historical facts and current events to provide a basis for Singapore's threat perception and explain how Malaysia is so deeply entrenched within Singapore's security planning. Second, it will trace the trend of recent arms procurements by the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The final part will reveal the various implications of the growing military imbalance between Singapore and Malaysia.
CP152 ASEAN, Australia and the Management of the Jemaah Islamiyah Threat by Bilveer Singh.
(ISBN 0 7315 5439 6, October 2003, 138 pp. $A23.00)
The Southeast Asian region was riddled with the threat of terrorism long before the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States. Due to various historical developments, nature of geography, ethnic-religious make-up and the nature of regimes in the region, terrorism of different kinds, particularly associated with religious extremism, has been in vogue in Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar and the Philippines for more than four decades. What defined the terrorist challenge was that it was national in character, attempting either to secede from the Central Government to form a new state or to force the Central Government to adopt policies that would support the raison d'être of these extremist groups, basically that called for the establishment of a political system that was more Islamic in character, either nationally or within a specified territory within a national state.
However, what has made the challenge of 'new terrorism' distinct, especially with regard to Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), is that while it aims to establish an Islamic state, its goals and organisational structures are far more wide-ranging. Unlike the terrorism and challenges of past religious extremist groups in the region, JI is a regional terrorist organisation. It wants to establish a regional Islamic state (Daulah Islamiyah) covering most of southern Southeast Asia, forming a new Islamic epicentre in the Asia-Pacific region. Additionally, JI has been able to synergise with various existing extremist groups in the region and beyond, succeeding in the process in posing the most serious security threat to the region since the end of the Cold War. What JI is, the challenge it poses, the measures that have been adopted to manage it and the long-term consequences of the JI phenomenon are analysed in this study.
CP151 Ballistic Missile Defence for Australia: Policies, Requirements and Options by Stephan Frühling.
(ISBN 0 7315 5438 8, September 2003, 142 pp. $A22.50)
Ballistic missiles are central to rogue states' strategies to deter and coerce Western democracies in the post-Cold War world. The proliferation of missiles of longer and longer range continues throughout the world, and Australia may come within the range of missiles from North Korea and Iran in the coming decade. Regarding rogue states' ballistic missiles, the United States, Japan and some members of NATO are moving from a posture of deterrence through nuclear punishment to a posture of deterrence through denial. Australia, as a beneficiary of the extended US nuclear deterrent, will have to decide whether to participate in 'extended' US missile defence.
Various elements of a ballistic missile defence system, effective against the whole threat spectrum, are under development. The technical limitations of these systems and the importance of the BMD systems architecture (shoot-look-shoot capability, layered defence) make it important to define what role Australian BMD systems should play in the overall BMD architecture and what exactly Australia wants to achieve with its BMD systems: defending the Australian homeland against direct or seaborne attack, defence of forward deployed troops or strengthening the US alliance. Each of these missions leads to a different prioritisation of available BMD systems, and no system (for example the SEA 4000 destroyer) will be able to achieve all missions. After looking at the technical aspects of several possible Australian BMD architectures, the paper concludes with recommendations for Australia's BMD policy.
CP150 Burma's Muslims: Terrorists or Terrorised? by Andrew Selth.
(ISBN 0 7315 5437 X, 61 pp) $A18
Burma's importance in world affairs has long derived from its critical geo-strategic position. Another factor now attracting the interest of Western scholars and officials is Burma's large Muslim population. Usually overlooked in surveys of Islam in the Asia-Pacific region, Burma's Muslims have long suffered from discrimination, and harsh treatment at the hands of the country's military government. This has prompted the creation of several armed insurgent groups. The increased attention now being paid to the Muslim community in Burma, however, is mainly due to its growing international connections, which in the case of one insurgent group at least includes direct links to pan-Islamic extremist organisations. While the relationships between some Burmese Muslims and international terrorist groups like Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiah have often been exaggerated, and at times even deliberately misrepresented, they are likely to attract even greater interest from the US government and its allies. In this regard, the global war against terrorism launched in 2001 has become both a burden and an opportunity for the Rangoon regime.
(ISBN 0 7315 5434 5) $A23
The struggle against radical Islam in Southeast Asia has gathered momentum. The progress and conduct of the Bali bombers' trials in Denpasar have been remarkable. Regional security authorities have increased cooperation to locate and detain further suspected militants. Talk of joint-border patrols, regional terrorism centres, increased airport security, police training and new terrorism legislation are all forward steps in the fight against radical Islam in Southeast Asia. However, the challenges facing the region are far more complex. The attacks on the island of Bali, and more recently on the US-owned J W Marriott Hotel in Jakarta, were not isolated cases of irrational lunacy. The perpetrators were highly trained, highly motivated and truly believed in the righteousness of their actions. Such radicalism is not only based on selective Quranic interpretations, but also on a compost of political and social grievances, some of which are no longer solely regional in nature. Western policy, transnational crime, endemic corruption and stagnating economies are now as much to do with Islamic extremism as weapons smuggling and fundamentalist boarding schools. Using the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) network as a case study, this paper comprehensively explores the range of problems facing Southeast Asia in the management of radical Islam.
CP148 The Road to War on Iraq by Ron Huisken.
(ISBN 0 7315 5432 9, 116pp) $A20.00
Between November 2001 and September 2002, the Bush administration tried to prepare the US, and the rest of the world, for pre-emptive military action to remove the Iraqi regime and bring that country into full and durable compliance with UN resolutions under a new, democratic government. It was a costly exercise. The US succeeded for a time in making itself, rather than Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden, the principal source of international concern. Iraq became the most divisive issue the international community has encountered in over 30 years, damaging severely both the 'western' community and the newer major power alignments that had emerged since the end of the Cold War. This monograph seeks to explain what appears to have been a massive failure of international diplomacy, and to consider its implications for the longer term. The discussion is divided into two parts. Part I addresses the crisis from the standpoint of the principal actors, especially the United States. Part II focuses on Australia. Australia's path was necessarily shaped very strongly by the 'main game', but it did have distinctive aspects which, in turn, suggest distinctive implications for foreign and defence policy in the future.
CP147Countering Terror: New Directions Post '911' edited by Clive Williams and Brendan Taylor.
(ISBN 0 7315 5429 9, 95 pp) $A20.00
The essays in this book were originally presented as speeches to the SDSC conference "Post 11 September - New Directions, held on 11 September 2002. They assess where counter-terrorism efforts are, and should be, headed as a consequence of the attacks on the US homeland and the initiation of the "war on terror. Several interesting themes emerge, including the prospects for the American-led campaign against global terrorism, security threats in Southeast Asia, and the strategic implications for Australia.
Contributors include the Secretary of the Commonwealth Attorney General's Department, Robert Cornall; Executive Director of the Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence, Dr Grant Wardlaw; four members of the SDSC, Professor Paul Dibb AM, Professor Desmond Ball, Dr Coral Bell and Dr Ron Huisken; as well as two leading authorities on Southeast Asia, Dr Greg Fealy and Dr John Funston. The book is edited by Clive Williams MG, and Dr Brendan Taylor.
2001-2002
CP146 Small Arms Production and Transfers in Southeast Asia by David Capie
(ISBN 0 7315 54 213, 162pp) $A22.50
This is the first comprehensive study of small arms production and transfers, both legal and illicit, in Southeast Asia.
Including detailed country studies for all ten ASEAN states, this book covers national production, inventories and holdings, known imports and exports, societal problems with small arms and weaknesses in existing gun control legislation.
It also summarises intra-state conflicts as well as the small-arms holdings of non-state actors in the region. The study concludes that Southeast Asia has a serious problem with the leakage of legally-owned weapons and with the illicit trafficking of small arms and light weapons, problems for which ASEAN's members have been slow in finding effective solutions.
CP 144 The Human Face of Security: Asia-Pacific Perspectives edited by David Dickens (ISBN 0 7315 5420 5, 122pp. $A25.00)
This is an edited collection of papers about the meanings of human security in an Asian-Pacific context, stemming from a conference held in New Zealand in 2001.
CP143 The Real C-cubed, Culture, Careers and Climate And how they affect capability by Nick Jans with David Schmidtchen (ISBN 0 7315 5415 9, 185pp, $A26.00)
The Australian Defence Force needs a fresh way of thinking about personnel management issues. This book argues for a paradigm which we call ‘C-cubed’, to reflect the relationship between Culture, Careers and Climate – the three main elements of personnel capability.
This ‘Real C-cubed’ is a far cry from the simplistic capability formulation of Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence. The Army’s capability rests on its professionalism and its social capital. To understand the ‘C-cubed’ interrelationship is to understand what makes the Australian Army tick: the ‘what’ and ‘why’ of its strengths and weaknesses in peace and war.
Culture, Careers and Climate are closely interrelated. This book explores this relationship and also sheds light on how these factors affect capability.
The new ‘C-cubed’ can help the Army align its personnel systems with its environment and its capability needs. But this isn’t a book about personnel management; rather it’s about thinking strategically about personnel issues to deliver more than simple procedural changes. This book is also a tool – a mirror, perhaps, to help the Services understand who they are and who they want to be – and a lexicon that can provide a vocabulary about personnel concepts of all kinds.
CP142 Giving Peace a Chance. Operation Lagoon, Bougainville 1994: A Case Study of Military Action and Diplomacy by Bob Breen (ISBN 0 7315 5414 0, 122pp. $A22.50)
Operation Lagoon was the first combined South Pacific region peace-keeping operation commanded by the Australian Defence Force. The mission was to protect a pan-Bougainvillean peace conference to be held at Arawa.
Time was the enemy of Operation LAGOON. Higher ADF headquarters kept the operation secret for too long. There was insufficient time to conduct reconnaissance or to develop plans or to build a cohesive South Pacific Peace Keeping Force (SPPKF). Political expediency over rode military judgment.
Brigadier Peter Abigail and his commanders and staff at 3rd Brigade in Townsville were given just four weeks in September-October 1994 to establish a joint headquarters, assemble, stock and load an Australian logistic support force, administer, train and equip a combined force of Fijians, Tongans, New Zealanders and Ni Vanuatu and deploy these force elements by sea and air to Bougainville.
Giving Peace a Chance commemorates those who carried out the operation, and describes the frustrations, failures and achievements of that operation.
CP141 Civil-military Relations in Democratising Indonesia: The Potentials and Limits to Change by Bilveer Singh
(ISBN 0 9315 5408 X, 192+xiii pp) $A26.00
In light of the third wave of democratisation, the debate about civil-military relations remains largely unresolved. This study examines the Indonesian case; in spite of the ongoing efforts towards democratisation and the various internal reforms undertaken by the military since May 1998, there are certain imperatives that have remained constant. This is mainly due to the history and culture of the country and, more importantly, to the weakness of the civilian politicians, whose divisiveness has been the hallmark of the emerging democracy in Indonesia. Since the country remains politically and economically weak and continues to be threatened with disintegration by various separatist movements, the role and importance of the Indonesian military, especially its political role, continue to grow in significance under the new democratic setting. Eventually, the character of civil-military relations in Indonesia will be determined by the quality of political leadership, the state of the national economy, the temper of the national society, the state of threats to the territorial integrity and the preparedness of the military leadership to abandon their socio-political role. Even though the military has already begun to wind back its socio-political role, it remains one of the most important political forces in the country. To that extent, civil-military relations in Indonesia are in a state of flux, with both potential and limits characterising its evolution.
CP140 Wars of Conscience. Human rights, national security and Australia's defence policy by John Hutcheson
(ISBN 0 7315 5405 1, 173+xi pp) $A26.00
The interdependent nature of international affairs means that Australia, in pursuit of its national interests, will depend on being free from any disruption that may emanate from within a country as a result of violations to international human rights and the breakdown in the social and political relationship between people and their government. In most cases the majority of conflict is often the result of governments’ inability, or desire not to, guarantee the basic human rights enshrined in the International Bill of Rights. This observation is exacerbated by the emerging threat globalisation poses, and by default security, in that it is fracturing societies and groups of societies into ‘have’ and ‘have nots’. The expense associated with the resulting refugees and illegal immigrants seeking a better life can be measured in direct, and indirect, economic costs and/or negative social and cultural consequences of receiving immigrants, or providing limited national resources to not only prevent the influx but also provide support to regional and international initiatives to solve the problem. The solution is to put more energy, resources and focus into facilitating the development of social cohesion within and between states as a basis for achieving Australia’s national security.
The role of the ADF, as part of that national security goal, should be to assist in seeking to manage that instability by developing and maintaining the ability to make responsible contributions to ensuring regional and international peace and security. This aim is, however, going to be difficult to achieve at a time when the tempo of operations is increasing but available healthy young smart Australians and real time funding is decreasing. The result is that the ADF is expected to do more with less. The challenge for Australia’s defence policy makers is to provide a cost-effective defence strategy that is supported by a force structure that is adaptable enough to defend Australia, to fight ‘wars of necessity’, and flexible enough to be able to do other tasks that may not be in the national interest, such as fighting ‘wars of conscience’. In most cases those ‘wars of conscience are not constrained by the limits of traditional military campaigns, involving imposing the ‘rule of law and order’ and providing security during the period of reconciliation to support the building of legitimate social and political structures.
This monograph seeks to examine the internationalisation of human rights since 1945 and the link between international human rights, globalisation and security before proffering a particular option on how Australia’s defence policy makers can accommodate the short term desire for humanitarian intervention, whilst still allowing it to achieve its primary raison d’etre – defending Australia. The solution that focuses on a strategy of regional defence of Australia with a military capability to be able to do other tasks, and designing a integrated two tier modular ADF to facilitate the need to have a capacity to surge and sustain operations. Such a desire can only be met by developing a conceptual framework around a second tier of more skill-specific personnel that are drawn from the wider community to supplement a first tier of trained and deployable ‘warfighters’. The success of those changes will require the ADF to face some contentious issues and overcome significant cultural constraints, balance its training requirements, reinforce doctrine, ensure adequate funding, leverage the advantages associated with the RMA, and educate the public and government. If the ADF can do this it will be able to fight ‘wars of necessity’, and adapt down to fight ‘wars of conscience’.
2000
CP139 The Council for
Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific: its record and its
prospects by Desmond Ball (ISBN 0 7315 2780 1, 2000, 120 +
xxii pp, $A18.50)
The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP)
is the premier second-track organisation in the Asia-Pacific
region. It was set up in 1992-93 to provide 'a more structured
regional process of a non-governmental nature ... to contribute to
the efforts towards regional confidence building and enhancing
regional security through dialogues, consultation and cooperation'
in the region. It was described at the time as 'the most ambitious
proposal to date for a regularised, focused and inclusive
non-governmental process on Pacific security matters', and as 'one
of the most important developments in regional security since the
end of the Cold War'. It was an important, ambitious and exciting
initiative, in a region which heretofore had been opposed to
multilateralism.
This monograph provides a critical review of CSCAP's
achievements since 1992-93. It describes the activities of the
CSCAP Working Groups, and the relationship between CSCAP and the
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). It addresses several issues which are
of crucial importance to the future of CSCAP, including the future
of its Working Groups, the role of the Steering Committee, the
relations with officialdom in the member countries, and tensions
within the basic charter and objectives of the organisation. It
also discusses CSCAP's research agenda, and identifies new subjects
for study, including arms control, defence cooperation, the
environment and security, and the concept of human security.
Finally, it provides an assessment of CSCAP's prospects.
CP138 ASEAN, the Southeast
Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone and the Challenge of
Denuclearisation in Southeast Asia: Problems and prospects by
Bilveer Singh (ISBN 0 7315 5401 9, 2000, 86 + xii pp, $A18.50
excl.GST)
Since the Tlatelolco Treaty was signed in Mexico City in 1967,
there has been much interest in the concept of a
nuclear-weapon-free zone as a device to contain the spread of
nuclear weapons as well as a confidence-building measure at a
regional level. Following this, especially in association with the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty that sanctioned regional
denuclearisation, more and more areas in the Third World have been
covered by such zones. Today, all the geographical areas of the
southern hemisphere (Latin America, Africa, the South Pacific and
outheast Asia) have declared themselves to be non-nuclear
geographical zones. Against this backdrop, this study examines the
course, causes and consequences of the Southeast Asia
Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (SEANWFZ), which — unlike all the other
zones in the southern hemisphere — though in force, has not yet
been endorsed by the nuclear-weapons states. In addition to
analysing the essence and substance of the SEANWFZ treaty and
protocol, the monograph examines the internal and external dynamics
relating to the denuclearisation proposal and the prospects for its
future. Notwithstanding various difficulties and obstacles,
however, it is undisputed that the treaty and the accompanying
protocol have greatly contributed to regional security and
confidence building, especially in ensuring regional
denuclearisation in Southeast Asia, as compared to Northeast or
South Asia.
CP137 Where are they when
you need them? Support arrangements for deployed air power by
Peter McLennan (ISBN 0 7315 5400 0, 2000, 262 + xiv pp, $A26.00
excl. GST)
Air power requires the provision of a large range of support
services, such as aircraft maintenance, personnel accommodation,
catering, and so on. Decisions need to be made about where these
services should be positioned: some may be collocated with the
aircraft squadrons they are supporting, whereas others may remain
in their normal peacetime locations, which may be several thousand
kilometres away from the operational squadrons. Locations anywhere
in between these two extremes may also be suitable. There are
advantages and disadvantages associated with each possible choice
of location. A balance needs to be struck between the advantages
and disadvantages, to determine the most appropriate location for
each support function. It is topical to consider these issues at
the present time since they are related to many changes currently
occurring within the Australian defence organisation. Among these
are the increasing emphasis on overseas operations in the
government's strategic guidance, the increasing commercialisation
of defence support services, efforts to improve the utility of
reserve forces, and the need to deal with a severely over-stretched
defence budget. This book discusses 20 factors that should guide
decisions about where a support function should be performed.
Examples from recent military operations are used to demonstrate
the effects of each factor. A framework is then proposed that shows
how the competing factors may be reconciled, and conclusions
relevant to higher level defence management are drawn out.
CP136 Burma's Secret
Military Partners by Andrew Selth (ISBN 0 7315 2775 5, 2000,
86 + xiv pp, $A18.50)
Since the armed forces (or Tatmadaw) took back direct control of
the country in 1988, Burma has consistently been branded a pariah
state by the Western democracies, and made to endure a wide range
of political, economic and military sanctions. As a result, the
Burmese armed forces have lost much of the access they once enjoyed
to the arms, training and military technology of their traditional
suppliers, such as the United States of America and the Federal
Republic of Germany. Some countries, however, have deliberately
ignored this body of international opinion and developed close
defence relations with the Rangoon regime. While a few, such as the
People's Republic of China, have barely troubled to conceal such
ties, there are other smaller and diplomatically more vulnerable
countries which have attempted to hide the links that now exist
between their armed forces and arms industries, and those of Burma.
Three countries which stand out most strongly in this latter group
are Singapore, Israel and Pakistan, all of which currently enjoy
significant military partnerships with Burma. Suggestions that
Germany has quietly resumed its former links with the Tatmadaw,
however, remain unconfirmed.
CP135 Armed Rebellion in the
ASEAN States: Persistence and Implications by Andrew Tan (ISBN
0 7315 2774 7, 2000, 260 + xii pp, $A22.00 excl.GST)
Armed rebellions have challenged central authority in the
various ASEAN states since 1975. The persistence, duration and
severity of armed rebellions, particularly separatist rebellions,
demonstrate the failure of at least some of the ASEAN states in
achieving legitimacy for the post-independence political structures
as well as continued internal weakness. The external dimensions of
some of these challenges, involving neighbouring ASEAN states in
some cases, have also heightened mutual mistrust among these
states. This in turn has placed constraints on the development of
ASEAN cooperative regionalism.
CP134 An Independent
Command: Command and Control of the 1st Australian Task Force In
Vietnam by R.W. Cable (ISBN 0 7315 2769 0, 2000, 108 + xiv pp,
$A17.50 )
The commander of the 1st Australian Task Force in Vietnam held
the key operational command in Australia's largest military
commitment of the Cold War period. Although the Vietnam War has
been written on at length, the brigade level of command, held in
Vietnam by the commander of 1 ATF, has received comparatively
little attention. This is the more remarkable given the Australian
Army's recently renewed interest in a 'task force' structure and
the modern trend away from large-scale conventional warfare.
This monograph examines the problems and conditions faced by the
seven Task Force commanders; their styles of command and the degree
of independence they were allowed by Australian and US higher
commanders; how much operational command they exercised and the
types of operations carried out under each. It concludes that
although the commanders were allowed a large degree of
independence, apparent variations in Task Force methods were due
less to the influence of personality than to differences in the
types of operations required to counter a changing enemy
situation.
1999
CP133 Maintaining the
Strategic Edge: The Defence of Australia in 2015 edited by
Desmond Ball (1999, 445 + xxvi pp, ISBN 0 7315 2766 6, $A
30.00)
The recent and continuing changes in Southeast Asia — the
economic calamity in 1997-98, the overthrow of President Soeharto's
New Order and the tenuous establishment of democracy, and the
horrific circumstances of East Timor's independence — have
disturbed Australia's security situation more seriously than
anything since the 1960s, when Australia was at war (albeit
covertly) with Indonesia in Borneo and had a task force in Vietnam.
The rate of technological change is also unprecedented, especially
in the area of information technology (IT) and its manifold
applications, promising a revolution in military affairs (RMA),
some aspects of which are very attractive for Australian defence
planning.
At the same time, the Australian Defence Force (ADF) faces the
imminent prospect of 'block obsolescence' — when major platforms
such as the F/A-18 Hornet multi-role fighter aircraft, the F-111
strike fighters, the P-3C Orion long-range maritime patrol
aircraft, and all of the navy's surface combatants, will need to be
replaced (or their tasks foregone).
Addressing these issues will require the development of a sound
appreciation of Australia's security environment, and of clear and
coherent strategic guidance for defence force planning. The purpose
of this volume is to assist and inform these processes.
CP132 Maritime Cooperation
in the Asia-Pacific Region: current situation and prospects
Edited by Sam Bateman (ISBN 0 7315 2759 3, 1999, 193+xxii pp,
$A23.00)
This monograph includes the discussion papers presented at the
Fifth Meeting of the CSCAP Maritime Cooperation Working Group held
in Kuala Lumpur on 17 and 18 November 1998. It is the fifth in the
series to be published by the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre
on behalf of the CSCAP Maritime Cooperation Working Group.
Maritime cooperation has become an important consideration in
the Asia-Pacific region. It is essential for the effective
management of the marine environment ('oceans governance') and is
regarded as an important contributor to regional security as a
confidence- and security-building measure (CSBM). There is possibly
no other region of the world where maritime cooperation is so
important or more necessary. There is certainly no other region of
the world where maritime cooperation has gained such specific
recognition as it has in the Asia-Pacific during the 1990s. The
need for maritime cooperation in the region flows from both the
importance of maritime issues and the complexity of the regional
marine environment.
The papers in this monograph explore the strengths and
weaknesses of existing processes of maritime cooperation in the
Asia-Pacific region. They reflect the desire and necessity to
pursue the widening and deepening of existing cooperation and other
maritime CSBMs. Within the Working Group there is increasingly
frank and full discussion of such issues, and this is reflected in
the interesting and thought-provoking papers contained in this
volume.
CP131 The Next Stage:
Preventive Diplomacy and Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific
Region edited by Desmond Ball and Amitav Acharya
(ISBN 0 7315 2755 0, 1999, 335+xx pp, $A25.)
Preventive diplomacy has been identified by the ASEAN Regional
Forum (ARF) as the next stage in the development of security
cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. However, there has been
little progress with either the definition and exposition of the
concept and its operating principles, or the development of
acceptable and practical means of preventive diplomacy. This book
is designed to promote better understanding of the concept and
principles of preventive diplomacy, and hence to contribute to a
more informed and productive debate about this critical stage of
the ARF process. It is intended to advance the preventive diplomacy
agenda in terms of both conceptual coherence and practical
measures. This collection includes the principal progenitors of the
subject in this region, the most notable of which is Gareth
Evans’ chapter published in 1993. It includes papers prepared
by Foreign Ministry officials, such as Hasjim Djalal, Indonesian
Ambassador-at-Large for the Law of the Sea and Maritime Affairs;
academic contributions, such as papers on preventive diplomacy
concepts, theory and principles; several regional case studies
(such as the South China Sea, the Moro conflict in the southern
Philippines, and the 1997 crisis in Cambodia); and discussion of
the applicability of the concept in intra-state conflicts and the
utility of non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This book is the
product of a joint project by the Strategic and Defence Studies
Centre (SDSC) and the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies
(IDSS) in Singapore.
1998
CP130 Bougainville 1988-98:
Five Searches for Security in the North Solomons Province of Papua
New Guinea by Karl Claxton
(ISBN 0 7315 2750 X, 1998, 200+xxpp, $A23.00)
This monograph examines the crisis in the North Solomons
province of Papua New Guinea, more widely known as Bougainville, in
the decade between 1988 and 1998. Unlike most recent commentaries
about the war, its focus is mainly theoretical. The chief question
asked is the general one of what political choices and underlying
structural pressures have principally shaped the outbreak,
subsequent intensification, and later de-escalation, of violent
political conflict there. The topic is approached through the
analytical lens offered by security theory. More specifically, it
is explored using a security stakeholders framework, which
distinguishes five distinct and consistent searches for security by
generalisable categories of relevant actors. It is argued that
these five searches have been central in shaping the course of the
conflict. It is hoped that this analysis might be useful in helping
show what irreducible imperatives must be accommodated if recent
progress on the cessation of hostilities, driven mainly by war
weariness, is to be converted into long-term peace. The monograph
is also intended to help inform understandings of other cases of
violent political conflict in Melanesia.
CP129 Shipping and Regional
Security edited by Sam Bateman and Stephen Bates
(ISBN 0 7315 2747 X, 1998, 159+xxiv pp, $A20.00)
This monograph is the fourth in the series to be published by
the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre on behalf of the CSCAP
Maritime Cooperation Working Group. It includes the discussion
papers presented at the fourth meeting of the working group held in
Tokyo on 19 November 1997. The first group of chapters in the
monograph looks at the security aspects of shipping and seaborne
trade from global, regional and national perspectives, and in the
particular context of the South China Sea. Subsequent chapters
examine the concerns of regional countries with the carriage by sea
of strategic cargoes such as oil, gas and other raw materials
essential for their economic well-being. Other chapters focus more
on specific environmental and navigational safety issues arising
from the transport by sea of hazardous or dangerous cargoes,
particularly in confined areas such as the Malacca and Singapore
straits. There is general agreement by the different contributors
that because these concerns are shared by most regional countries,
they provide considerable scope for security cooperation and
dialogue.
CP128 The Shape of Things to
Come: The US-Japan Security Relationship in the New Era by
Maree Reid
(ISBN 0 7315 2746 1,1998,97+x pp, $A17.50)
This monograph focuses on recent developments affecting the
US-Japan security alliance, in particular the question of the
future of the US military presence on Okinawa and the revised
US-Japan defence guidelines. It argues that, in the post-Cold War
security environment, the US-Japan security partnership continues
to benefit not only the two countries involved but the Asia-Pacific
region as a whole. The alliance can make an important contribution
to future regional stability in a number of areas of regional
concern, including questions about the future roles of Japan and
the United States themselves and of China; uncertainties connected
with the possibility of Korean reunification; the effects of
increased military spending; the strength of democratic
institutions in the region; and the results of increasing economic
interdependence. Appendixes contain excerpts from the Treaty of
Mutual Cooperation and Security Between Japan and the United States
of America, details on the deployment of US forces in Okinawa, the
Joint Statement issued at the completion of the Review of the
Guidelines for U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation (September 1997), and
these Guidelines themselves.
CP127 South Africa and
Security Building in the Indian Ocean Rim by Greg Mills
(ISBN 0 7315 2745 3,1998,139+xiv pp,$A20.00)
Through an examination of the nature of the security agenda in
Indian Ocean rim (IOR) states and in the light of ongoing
diplomatic initiatives in the region, this study provides a number
of policy guidelines both for assessing the likely success of the
various IOR initiatives and, specifically, for addressing regional
security difficulties. The IOR remains a diverse and geographically
nebulous region in which there is no common view of security. There
is also a danger that the embryonic IOR trade facilitation process
may be undermined if security issues are handled within the
first-track IOR Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC).
Although the second-track diplomatic process may be a less
contentious forum for dealing with these issues, the political will
and the funding necessary for this to progress are currently
lacking. Against a backdrop of the increasing importance of
maritime issues in developing countries, naval cooperation could
significantly enhance and improve regional confidence, and act also
as a confidence-building measure. An IOR Naval Symposium, based on
the template provided by the Western Pacific Naval Symposium, could
be a most appropriate format for addressing IOR maritime
issues.
CP126 Educating an Army:
Australian army doctrinal development and the operational
experience in South Vietnam, 1965-72 by R. N. Bushby
(ISBN 0 7315 2744 5, 1998,111+xiv pp,$A17.50)
This monograph examines the way in which the Australian Army met
the challenges to its doctrine presented by the Vietnam War. The
war produced some widely varied tactical problems, and the
flexibility and deep experience which were the hallmarks of the
army in the 1960s provide the key to understanding how these
problems were solved. After surveying the origins of the Australian
Army’s counter-revolutionary warfare doctrine, the monograph
examines in detail the challenges to and development of this
doctrine in the four periods of Australia’s involvement in
the Vietnam War: working alongside US forces (May 1965-June 1966);
the establishment of the independent task force (May 1966-January
1968); the period of ‘out of province’ operations
(January 1968-June 1969); and the final period of Vietnamisation
and pacification. The developments in tactics and doctrine of the
Vietnam War period marked a substantial step in the process of
developing Australian Army doctrine — a process which is worthy of
study as, at the turn of the century, the army develops new
doctrine and concepts to meet the challenges of the future.
CP125 The Environment and
Security: What are the Linkages? edited by Alan Dupont
(ISBN 07315 2738 0, 1998,99+xiipp,$A17.00)
In November 1997 the Australian Institute of International
Affairs held a seminar in Canberra to explore the impact of
environmental problems on Australia’s security environment.
The idea for the seminar arose during discussions about the meaning
of environmental security and its regional consequences at meetings
of the Australian National Committee of the Council for Security
Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific (AUS-CSCAP), of which the Institute
and the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre are members. The
seminar brought together scholars, policy makers, defence
officials, members of the environmental community and the
interested public to listen to presentations from Australian and
international speakers on various aspects of the environmental
security problematique. The chapters in this monograph touch on
most of the key themes running through the contemporary debate on
environmental security and, in particular, the relationship between
the environment and conflict. A number of chapters analyse the
theoretical arguments between those who believe that environmental
degradation is a significant and growing cause of conflict and
sceptics who respond that the environment is at best a marginal
factor in conflict and war. Other chapters look at the impact of
ecological stress on the developing states of East Asia, and
explore in some detail how water scarcity, deforestation and the
depletion of renewable and non-renewable energy resources can
aggravate existing political and social tensions and territorial
and resource disputes. The last two chapters discuss the
implications of environmental security issues for the Australian
Defence Force and for foreign policy. The papers in this monograph
confirm the extent to which the literature on environmental
security has become an established part of the lexicon and
discourse of international security studies. They also reveal the
complexity and interconnectedness of the policy issues associated
with the impact of environmental degradation on national and
international security.
CP124 Regional Maritime
Management and Security edited by Sam Bateman and Stephen
Bates
(ISBN 0 7315 2730 5, 1998, 209+xxiv pp., $A24.00)
This monograph includes the discussion papers presented at the
Third Meeting of the CSCAP Maritime Cooperation Working Group held
in Bangkok 30 May — 1 June 1997. It is the third in the series of
similar monographs by the CSCAP Maritime Cooperation Working Group.
The theme of the meeting was regional ocean management and
security. Its objectives were fourfold:
- to review progress with the Guidelines for Regional Maritime
Cooperation;
- to contribute to the development of new ideas about cooperative
management of regional sea and ocean areas;
- to identify present and planned activities in some area of
regional maritime cooperation (such as shipping, resource
management, pollution prevention, marine safety and law and order
at sea) which have benefits for regional security (that is, 'value
added'); and
- to share national and sub-regional perspectives of cooperative
oceans and marine management.
The overall aim of the meeting was to explore new ideas of
preventive diplomacy and confidence building in the general area of
regional maritime cooperation, particularly in the enclosed and
semi-enclosed regional seas of Southeast and Northeast Asia, where
maritime activity is increasing and cooperation so important. The
opportunity was also taken to discuss existing arrangements for
regional maritime cooperation and the experiences of other regions
in the world with similar considerations of maritime cooperation
(that is, the Baltic and Mediterranean seas, and the Caribbean.)
